Gender Stereotypes Should Not Be Taught Essay - 1525 Words

One of the hardest tasks required by parents is raising children. It takes a lot of patience, attention, and precision to do so. However, there is a part where most of the parents are not aware of, and unconsciously harm their children. That is, using gender stereotypes whether through teaching or through playing with them. Not only parents do so, but teachers and certain television channels as well. Based on A Dictionary of Sociology, gender stereotypes are â€Å"one-sided and exaggerated images of men and women which are deployed repeatedly in everyday life† (Scott Marshall, 2009). Although educating children about gender roles and their differences is important for them to distinguish between the two genders, and know how to treat each; gender stereotypes should not be taught to children neither through television nor through education and parenting. This is because, these stereotypes have the potential to create a wrong image in the children’s mind, cause gender-ba sed violence, and develop a sense of worthlessness and lack of self-confidence when not conforming to those gender stereotypes. These stereotypes can have many negative impacts on children, of which becoming masculinist or feminist is one. Based on the social learning theory by Albert Bandura (1961), individuals acquire information through observational learning where people learn by watching and imitating models. Yet, for children to do so, there should be attention – where the individual must first payShow MoreRelatedme me931 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ No such thing as â€Å"Separate but Equal† in Education One of the most common question for parents when it comes to choosing high schools or college for their child is â€Å"Should girls and boys be taught separately, either in different classes or entirely differently schools, to improve their educational performances, or is such an approach a throwback to a teaching method that was discredited years ago† (Update: Single-Sex Education). In the past, it was more common for boys and girls to be educatedRead MoreElementary School s Gender Segregation Peeves Parents949 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 22, 2015 an article was published on Global News, which was entitled â€Å"‘Girl talk’ or ‘career exploration’? Texas school’s gender segregation peeves parents.† In this article, Patricia Kozicka discusses the controversial issue regarding Borchardt Elementary School in Texas, in which students in grade four and five were divided into separate classes based on their gender (Kozicka, 2015). Accor ding to the article, it is reported that, at the beginning of this school year, females and males wouldRead MoreEmotions Through Culture And Gender1261 Words   |  6 Pages Expressing Emotions Through Culture and Gender Have you ever thought about the way you express your emotions? Emotions are a significant part of our lives. They enable us to express our feelings to those around us. How we express our emotion is determined by a mixture of culture and family influences that directs our gender to express emotions differently. People are more likely to experience emotions versus being able to express them. They way we express our emotions changes over timeRead MoreSchools Should Be Separated By Gender Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 061 26754 16 November 2016 Research Paper: Schools should be separated by Gender In today’s society, education has become a very important factor in a student s life. Everyone tries to do and implement whatever is best for the student to learn and become successful. Therefore, as a result, society tries to separate schools based on gender. Schools should be separated by gender for many reasons. The first reason is that gender separation will help eliminate bullying. It has been demonstratedRead MoreThe Gender Discrepancy Of Women888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Gender Discrepancy â€Å"As has been long observed, men are people, but women are women Acclaimed British-Canadian Author and Psychologist, Cordelia Fine, Delusions of Gender: How our Minds, Society and Neurosexism Create Difference. Published 2005 Famed English Poet and Writer William Shakespeare once said â€Å"all the world a stage, and all men women merely players † Theatrical yet fitting worlds. Each us of Man, women and child is given a part to play, a role to fill in our society. TheseRead MoreGender Differences and the Threat of Gender Stereotype in Science Education1045 Words   |  5 PagesGender differences in education is something of a common topic among educational studies since intensification in the 1970’s (Breakwell, 2003, p. 437). Gender differences among the subjects taught in school has been found to be somewhat more of a social construct rather than a concept that has any kind of scientific explanation because of the idea of gender differences being taken and changed into the idea of a gender stereotype in most parts of education (Crilly, 2013, p. 1). The most common stereotypesRead MoreGender Roles Of Children And Young Adults906 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishing gender roles, social organization is shaped and influences how members of today’s society interact with each other and even how individuals evaluate themselves. Children’s books are written to open children’s horizons and broaden their imaginations; instead they close minds to new experiences and peddle stereotypes. Kids learn limitations when treated as gender halves instead of as individuals. Likewise, Parenting is often a leading cause in setting gender boundaries. Overall, Gender stereotypesRead MoreEssay On Gender Oppression1507 Words   |  7 PagesGender Oppression Nelson Mandela once said, Freedom cannot be achieved unless women have been emancipated from all forms of oppression. What Mandela is trying to convey is that society is being restrained by social norms and gender roles. While today’s society is not as controlled by gender as Mandela’s, women still continue to be oppressed by it. In the reading â€Å"The Cycle of Oppression,† the cycle is explained part by part, and why it is continuous is discovered. The cycle remains continuous becauseRead MoreThe Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao959 Words   |  4 Pages Gender stereotypes or abnormalities are not always apparent at first when reading a book. But it does become apparent when something is shown that is the opposite of what society thinks they should be. Gender is a serious issue that most people do not address because they only think of gender as what they were taught their whole lives. Then when someone does not meet these stereotypes they are seen as an outsider and are ostracized. This can be seen in the novel The Brief Wondrous Life of OscarRead MoreDo Schools and Mass Media Contribute to Stereotyped Gender Roles in Chinese Society?1586 Words   |  6 PagesGender role is defined as the social position and behavioral norm that is considered appropriate for an individual of a specific gender in the society (Liu, 2003). Every society has its unique culture and gender role is one of the products of a society’s history and culture. It is not set up by a single person within a short period, but by countless people in the societ y for thousands years. Parents started to shape their children’s gender by dressing and naming them according to their gender soon

Great Britain And The Colonies - 957 Words

From September 5-October 26, 1774, in Philadelphia, the first Continental Congress met up. Delegates were sent from all the colonies, except for Georgia. Delegates were elected by Committees of Correspondence of the Respective colonies, colonial legislatures, and by the people. There goal was to unite and show a combined authority to Great Britain. It was made clear to the colonies that the Parliament and King must understand the troubles of the colonies, and they must do everything to communicate the same to the population of America, and the the remainder of the world. The first few weeks had been focused on discussion and debate. Mainly because the colonies had always acted as independent entities. That was one obstacle that they†¦show more content†¦This was said to come into place on December 1st, 1774, unless Parliament rescind the Intolerable Acts. Some of the important people in the Continental Congress were the Adam’s brothers, Thomas Johnson, George Washington, and Benjamin Harrison. Battle of Lexington and Concord The shots that started the Revolutionary war were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts. On April 18, 1775, the British General Thomas Gage sent out around 700 soldiers to destroy all of the colonists guns and ammunition that had been stored in Concord. They had also planned on arresting John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Dr. Joseph Warren had figured out what the British had planned, and sent out Paul Revere to go and warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Paul Revere didn’t know if he would make it out of Boston safely, so he made a plan. He would put lanterns in the North Church Steeple. He would light one lantern if the British were heading their way by land, and two if they were coming by sea. On April 18th, sailed across the Boston Harbor so they could start their march towards Lexington. So, Paul Revere hung two lanterns in the steeple. Then him, William Dawes, and Dr. Samuel Prescott rode to go warn the colonists. The colonists had been preparing for a fight with the British. So, they had created a group called Minutemen. They were called that because they needed to be prepared to fight on a seconds notice. Once the British had reached Lexington, Captain Jonas Parker and 75 Minutemen

Macbeth, By. Shakespeare. Corrupt, Insane Arrogance Essay Example For Students

Macbeth, By. Shakespeare. Corrupt, Insane Arrogance Essay The drive Inside of you that gets you to go for a goal or achievements. Ambition, the gas in the car. You can consider ambition the drive train inside of you. Ambition can be good or bad. If you have a lot ambition your going to get want you are striving for, but if your goal is not for the good of heart, then things can go wrong. In William Shakespearean play, Macbeth, it shows a perfect example of ambition towards the wrong goal. Macbeth, the character with the wrong goal, has more then enough ambition to get what he wants that It eventually leads to corruption, Insanity, arrogance. Even the most noblest mans heart and mind can become corrupted. Macbeth is shown to be a noble and honest man in this play, but like any other man, something can corrupt the mind, and in this play, that is greed. The three witches in this play are the ones that get the little fire in Macbeth going. When Macbeth runs into the witches, they start the Idea of him becoming the next king. He somewhat believes them because they told him Hail to thee, thane of Castor , which indeed he did become (1, 3, 50). So when plans take a path that didnt led to him becoming king, he Egan to think why he wasnt good enough to become king. Seeing Malcolm become king didnt go so well with Macbeth and this is were just a little more corruption adds on. After all of this, he talks to himself about murdering King Duncan to make himself king. He Is on the border of committing the murder and Just dealing with the fact that Malcolm was going to be king. He knew It was a treason to do It, and that We soul have judgment here, that we but teach bloody instructions, which being taught, return to plague the inventor: this even-handed justice commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice, so he would just be a hypocrite in the end (1, 7, 8-11). At this point he is not so sure about going through with it. When Lady Macbeth returns from the dinner she tells him that the plan will work. Macbeth is not so sure about doing It until Lady Macbeth questions What beast was t, then, that made you break this enterprise to me? and tells him that then you were a man (1, 7, 47-48) (1, 7 , 49). This is the final log to the corrupt fire burning in Macbeth, he decided to go kill King Duncan and thus bringing him closer to being king. After the murder of King Duncan, Macbeth corruption eventually leads to insanity. Insanity Is what happens when you lose control of your own mind and conscience. You cant control the thoughts In your head. You start to hear voices and seeing things. Immediately after Macbeth commits the murder of King Duncan, he is walking down the hallway while looking and talking to a floating dagger, Is this a dagger which I see before me (2, 1, 33-34). He trys to grab it but grabs nothing but air. He does not understand that, l dont have you but I can still see you (2, 1, 35-36). This is the turning point for Macbeth, he starts to become Insane. He goes to Lady Macbeth and tells her that he did what he said he was going to. He explained to her that understand what he is saying, but to the audience it is a clue, put in by Shakespeare, that he is on a clear path to insanity. The third sign of insanity comes after Macbeth has Banana and Balance murdered (which escaped alive). When Macbeth and Lady Macbeth decide to have company come over, the first murderer enters and tells Macbeth that Banana is dead but Balance escaped, Macbeth is worried but returns to he dinner, when all of a sudden The Ghost of Banana appears. .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 , .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .postImageUrl , .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 , .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704:hover , .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704:visited , .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704:active { border:0!important; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704:active , .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704 .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57a9a75d53826e65b7bada3bff370704:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frees - Anne Frank Anne Frank EssayAt first he thinks it is a Joke Which of you have done this? , but quickly realizes that it is not (3, 4, 48) . He starts to talk to the ghost and then yells at it, as their guest are confused by this weird act. He tells the ghost Vaunt, and quit my sight! Let the earth hid thee. Thy bones are narrowness, thy blood is cold. Thou hast no speculation in those eyes which thou dost glare with! , as he realizes that it is not real but it wont go away (3, 4, 93-94). He starts to get scared of it because of its appearance, Banana dead and all Lloyd. He tells it to show in another form, after this it vanishes. After this act of insanity, Lady Macbeth tells their guest that he is ill. The guest decide to leave and let Macbeth get his rest for the night. At this point the picture is clear, Macbeth has lost it completely: first he sees a dagger floating, then voices and now a bloody ghost. After realizing that Macbeth has gone insane, he gets to a point were he Just doesnt care much about anything anymore, including the love of his life, and starts to become very arrogant. After seeing Banquets ghost he decides to pay a visit to the here witches. He tells the witches to show him what he wants to see. They let him see three apparitions. The first one cautions him to Beware Macadam (4, 1, 72). Second apparition tells him anyone born from woman can not harm him. After hearing this and knowing that Macadam cannot harm him, he decides to kill Macadam and his family Just to make assurance double sure (4, 1, 83). Final apparition says to have lion-mottled, along with being proud and not to worry about the ones who hate him (4, 1, 90). Macbeth is still not satisfied with what he has been told. He wants o hear more but the witches tell him not to find out. He threatens the witches, Deny me this, and an eternal curse fall on you! Let me know. (4, 1, 104-105). At this point Shakespearean character seems that he doesnt care what anyone says, even witches, and wants everything he wishes for. At this point arrogance starts to settle in. When Macbeth receives the news that Macadam has fled to England he decides to Seize upon Fife, and to kill anyone who stands in his way(4, 1, 152). He kills Macadams wife and child . The next sign of arrogance is when he tells the doctor I will not be afraid of death and bane (5, 3, 62). At this point, the thought that Macbeth thinks he is invincible comes to play. The final signs of arrogance comes when Macbeth and Macadam fight to the death. When Macadam enters Macbeth warns him that l bear a charmed life, which must not yield to one of a woman born and says that he would Just be stabbing the air(5, 8, 12-13). Macadam was not born he was Ultimately ripped, from his mothers womb (5, 8, 16). Macbeth admits that it cowed his better part of man! , and that he will not fight Macadam (5, 8, 18), . Macadam tells IM that he will Join a freak show then, and Macbeth will not do this so he decides to fight him because he will not kiss the ground before young Malcolm feet,(5, 8, 28) . Ultimately corruption, insanity, and arrogance lead to Macbeth death. One leads to the other only building closer to his death. Corruption was the little spark of ambition that got it going. Then insanity only added on to it and finally his arrogance drove him over the edge leading to his fate. Shown in Macbeth, ambition is not always a good thing, especially when it leads to corruption, insanity and arrogance.

Nords Theory of Translation

This chapter focuses on the analysis of Nord’s model of translation, including its major functions and elements. It also provides the rationale for applying this model to the practical translation of the chosen article. Within this context, specific benefits and weakness will be identified with regard to other theoretical models of translation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nord’s Theory of Translation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nord’s model of translation has been in existence because of the urgent need to introduce a universal theoretical framework that would enable translators to understand the functional elements presented in the content and the structure of the source text (ST) (Nord 2005). Translators can use one specific language pair as a platform for the translation process (Nord 2005). Nord’s translation-oriented model, therefore, is specific enough to consider as man y common translation difficulties as possible. With regard to the above, here are several reasons why I have chosen this approach (Nord’s theory of translation). Firstly, it is suitable for translation of all types of texts. Secondly, the model encourages translators to take a wider view of what translation entails. Third, the model is multipurpose and, therefore, it can be applicable to both translator training and professional settings. In addition, the model does not depend on the translator’s competence, but on the language-independent aspects of culture, communication and translation(Nord 2005, p. 2) Different theories have different perspectives on translation, for instance, Richard’s model of proper translation, which appeared in the late 1970s (Gentzler 2001). In particular, the model shows that translation process should be primarily based on the value of meaning. Richard’s theory relates to Nord’s model of translation whose principles do not depend on subjective factors either. However, the theory is more efficient in terms of greater reliance on cultural factors that enrich the meaning of the source text. Nord’s model of translation originated from Karl Buhler’s Organon model created in 1954, which states that there are three basic functions of language: referential, expressive and appellative (Buhler et al 1990). Hence, according to this model, a language is an instrument for a speaker to render a message, or thought to a receiver (Buhler et al. 1990). The expressive and appellative function of language, therefore, allows a receiver to understand the tone of the speech without understanding the content and meaning of the message. As per referential function, the speaker can describe a message using the means of his/her native language (Buhler et al. 1990, p. 39). Nord (2005) adopted these three functions and added a fourth one, known as the phatic function which emergence was due to improvement made to the theory. The phatic function, servesAdvertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More to establish, to prolong, or to discontinue communication between sender and receiver, to check whether the channel works, to attract the attention of the interlocutor or to confirm his continued attention (Nord 2005, p. 47). The function was added due its possibility to develop strong relationships between the speaker and the addressee (Nord 2005). According to Nord, translation does not occur out of context. Instead, it is a communicative action carried out by an expert for achieving a communicative purpose because it involves increased understanding of an article or text by people understanding different languages. Generally, the theory argues that translation must be based on context, for better understanding. She believes in a functional approach to translation where the target text (TT) determines the kin d of choice and strategy adopted in the translation process (Nord 2005, pp. 43-48). Nord’s model also stems out of Vermeer and Katharina Reisstheory known as the ‘skopos theory’. The ‘skopos theory’ originated from the Greek word ‘skopos’ which means aim and purpose (Pym 1993, p. 184). â€Å"Skopos† theory was developed by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984 and it was focused on the purpose of translation (Reiss Vermeer). Nord’s model was developed several years later, at the end of the 1980s (Nord 1997). The essence of the ‘skopos’ theory is applied by Nord to convey a description of the target situation. Therefore, the translator sets the purpose of the target text based on the instructions given by the initiator of the translation. In contrast, Nord does not provide the translator with freedom to decide what aspects of the text should be fixed. Significant attention is also given to the role of the initiator’ s decision concerning ST (Pym 1993, p. 185). Thus, Nord incorporates the concept of loyalty, which means that the translator should always remain committed to both, the ST sender and TT receivers (Pym 1993, p. 185). As it has been previously discussed, Nord (2005) provides the four functions of a language: referential, expressive, appellative, and phatic. These functions are of varying importance in enhancing effective translation through Nord’s model. To begin with, the referential function is considered among the most important ones because it ensures that the meaning or content of the text is not changed. The referential function of an utterance involves reference to the objects of the world. Analysis of utterances depends on the nature of respective objects of the world (Nord 1997, pp. 38-40).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nord’s Theory of Translation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The prob lem with this function, however, is that if the source and the target receivers do not share common knowledge about the objects and the phenomena referred to, then it is difficult to create rapport in the text (Nord 1997, p. 41). The expressive function refers to the emotions and attitude of the sender towards the referred object, thought, or idea. It also stresses the sender’s personal opinion. The function aims to persuade the receiver to agree or disagree with a specific activity, with the intention of establishing contact with the receiver, which leads to the phatic function of communication (Nord 2005, p. 55). Appellative function is concerned with the direction of the text toward the addressee, as well as with the degree of expression that a speaker uses. Finally, the phatic function relates to the speaker’s intent to establish contact with the receiver, as well as to keep the communicational channels open. This function reflects a sociological dimension in corre lation with the linguistic ones. It also allows the translator to go beyond linguistic frames to understand the situation context within which the text is placed. Choice of the best and most suitable strategy and model may also ensure that the meaning of the original text or its content is not changed, but maintained. Therefore, it assists translators to decide on the best translation strategy to use with reference to the respective language to be translated. Despite different approaches and models introduced to foster the translation process, they all define translation as an action. Thus, Reiss and Vermeer’s theory argues that translation is based on the translator’s position in the translation process, as well as on the evaluation of objectives of a translation. In contrast, Nord’s theory has a functional approach to the translation process. In particular, applying to the phatic function, the theorist manages to apply extratextual factors to explain and under stand the purposes and meaning of ST. Therefore, both extratextual and linguistic aspects should be taken into deepest consideration while proceeding with the actual translation. Extratextual Factors According to Nord (2005), extratextual factors are communicative and situational factors that use ST. These factors constitute a text’s external structure, and they include the Sender, Sender’s intention, audience, medium/channel, place, time, motive and function (Nord 2005, p.81).Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Essentially, the sender is the author, audience is the target group and the sender’s intention is the content of the text to be translated. All of these factors are interdependent upon each other and they affect the translation process. The translator might not know the intentions of the author while translating the text. In the article by Roland, the author decides the target group to which the text will be directed, mainly tennis fans from the English speaking world. Knowing the audience enables one to find the sender’s intention and the most suited medium to communicate with the audience. The chosen medium of communication influences time and place where a text is produced, and time and place where a text is produced influences the choice of a communication medium to reach the audience. The theme and purpose of this article by Roland (2011) are quite clear as it is intended to capture the attention of tennis fans. On the deeper level, the journalist could be express ing his personal love for and interest in the game or merely doing his job as a reporter. When analysing most texts, there are always issues related to ST (Armstrong 2005, pp. 43-49). Because the translation process is considered both as an act of communication and as a linguistic phenomenon, ST analysis involves a number of parameters that should be analysed, including setting, genre, participants, norms, instruments and act sequence (Armstrong 2005, p. 43). When translating, there are always problems related to the analysis of the ST, which must be solved in order to set up the purpose before beginning a translation. Nord (1997) has identified the following factors that affect extratextual analysis. First of all, the theorist focuses on the function and text type, the characteristics of the receiver, relevance of the place and time of rendering the message. Such important situational aspects as social, cultural, and economic backgrounds of the language users are closely connected to the competences of both the translator and the recipient. Moreover, Nord (2005) strongly focuses on the communication function of the text through universal functions of the language. In addition, a reader participates in creating meanings when reading a text based on his or her own assumption and imagination, and the author might not even have intended the meanings. When a text contains many different meanings, it is difficult for a translator to fully understand the layers of the text intended by the author, which means that the translator can experience difficulties in deciding how the translation is perceived by the target reader (Nord 2005, pp. 67-73). One of the biggest challenges for a literary translator is the cultural element inherent in every publication and text production. It can only be evaluated how difficult it is to detect every cultural element or reference. Because languages bear different cultural contexts, the translator is challenged to find equivalent resou rces to convey a specific notion from the ST. The translator will know much about his/her own culture, the TT culture, while knowing preferably as much about the author’s culture, the ST culture. This will enable the translator to make translation choices that will convey and adapt the ST cultural information into information that will make sense in the TT culture. The knowledge of the ST culture will enable the translator to recreate the possible reactions of the ST receivers, and translator’s knowledge of the TT culture allows the translator to expect the possible reactions of the TT receivers (Nigel 2005, p.12-13). To support to the idea, Nord (2005) argues, the translator is not the sender of the ST message but a text-producer in the target culture who adopts somebody else’s intention in order to produce a communicative instrument for the target culture, or a target-culture document of source-culture communication (p. 13). In this respect, the TT is the resu lt of communicative interaction between two cultures. The above-described extratextual factors affect significantly the text-production into a TL, which, in fact, is the main linguistic instrument in the translation process. Therefore, intratextual factors should also be considered to define how they restrict translation. Intratextual Factors The intratextual factors are mainly concerned with internal factors of the translated text itself. They include subject matter, content, and composition of the text, presuppositions, lexis, sentence structure and even non-verbal elements (Armstrong 2005, p.42). The intratextual factors, just like the extratextual factors, are interdependent to a certain extent. This is because in a text, the subject matter influences the content and the content, in turn, influences the presuppositions made by the author. Nord’s model may not be appropriate to my particular translation considering stylistic differences among languages. Much of the time re quired to undertake this cumbersome activity is usually not available. Translators spend a lot of time trying to understand the content that they are going to translate. This process also implies many problems and peculiarities that are usually caused by two factors. First, the translation from French to English is challenged by existing differences in grammar, gender representation, and verb and adjective agreements. Second, the syntactical rules of the French language are less rigid compared than those in English, for example, the sentence structure of French is rigid and can be complete without a verb while English sentences require a verb to be complete and or meaningful (Vinay and Darbelnet 1995, pp. 83-84). In conclusion, Nord’s model of analysis emphasizes the necessity of analysing situational context and considers the translation process as an act of communication. All these interpretations are justified by the function that the translation bears, including referenti al, appellative, expressive, and phatic. With regard to the above-presented factors and peculiarities, French-English translation implies consideration of various extratextual and intratextual factors that have a potent impact on the outcome. The implementation of Nord’s model of translation, however, can make the process more systematic because these factors are taken into the deepest consideration. Reference List Armstrong, N 2005, Translation, linguistics, culture: A French-English handbook. Multilingual Matters, Buffalo. Buhler, K, Goodwin, DF, Eschbach, A 1990. Theory of Language: The Representational Function of Language. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Gentzler, E 2001, Contemporary Translation Theories. Multilingual Matters, Buffalo. Nord, C 1997, Translating As A Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome. Nord, C 2005, Text analysis in translation: theory, methodology and didactic application of a model for translat ion-oriented text analysis. Rodopi, Amsterdam. Pym, A 1993, ‘Text Analysis in Translation,’ Traduction, Terminologie, Rà ©daction, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 184-190. Reiss, K, Vermeer, HV 1984, GrundlegungeinerallgemeinenTranslationstheorie, Niemeyer, Germany. Roland, R. 2011. Deux titans en finale maisc’est Rafael Nadal qui l’emporte à   Roland Garros. La Tribune du Sport [online] Web. Vinay, JP Darbelnet, J, eds. 1995, Comparative stylistics of French and English: A methodology for translation. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins. This essay on Nord’s Theory of Translation was written and submitted by user Felipe Lowe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.